基于变量优选与机器学习的干旱区湿地土壤盐渍化数字制图

土壤盐渍化是导致土壤退化和生态系统恶化的主要原因之一，对干旱区的可持续发展构成主要威胁。为了尽可能精确地监测土壤盐渍化的空间变异性，该研究收集新疆艾比湖湿地78个典型样点，其中选取54个样本作为训练集，24个样本作为独立验证集。基于Sientinel-2 多光谱传感器（Multi-Spectral Instrument，MSI）、数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model，DEM）数据提取3类指数（红边光谱指数、植被指数和地形指数），经过极端梯度提升（Extreme Gradient Boosting，XGBoost）算法筛选有效特征变量，构建了关于土壤电导率（Electrical Conductivity，EC）的随机森林（Random Forest，RF）、极限学习机（Extra Learning Machine，ELM）和偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least Squares Regression，PLSR）预测模型，并选择最优模型绘制了艾比湖湿地盐渍化分布图。结果表明：优选的红边光谱指数基本能够预测EC的空间变化；红边光谱指数与植被指数组合建模效果总体上优于其与地形指数的组合，3类指数组合的建模取得了较为理想的预测精度，其中RF模型表现最优（验证集R2=0.83，RMSE=4.81 dS/m，RPD=3.11）；在整个研究区内，中部和东部地区土壤盐渍化程度尤为严重。因此，XGBoost所筛选出的环境因子结合机器学习算法可以实现干旱区土壤盐渍化的监测。     

Mechanisms behind soil N dynamics following cover restoration in degraded land in subtropical China

Purpose

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for re-vegetation during ecosystem restoration, but the effects of cover restoration on soil N transformations are not fully understood. This study was conducted to investigate N transformations in soils with different cover restoration ages in Eastern China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were collected from four degraded and subsequently restored lands with restoration ages of 7, 17, 23, and 35 years along with an adjacent control of degraded land. A ¹⁵N tracing technique was used to quantify gross N transformation rates.

Results and discussion

Compared with degraded land, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) increased by 1.60–3.97 and 2.49–5.36 times in restoration land. Cover restoration increased ammonium and nitrate immobilization, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) by 0.56–0.96, 0.34–2.10, and 0.79–3.45 times, respectively, indicating that restoration was beneficial for N retention. There were positive correlations between SOC content and ammonium and nitrate immobilization and DNRA, indicating that the increase in soil N retention capacity may be ascribed to increasing SOC concentrations. The stimulating effect of SOC on ammonium immobilization was greater than its effect on organic N mineralization, so while SOC and TN increased, inorganic N supply did not increase. Autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification increased with increasing SOC and TN concentrations. Notably, heterotrophic nitrification was an important source of NO₃^??N production, accounting for 47–67% of NO₃^??N production among all restoration ages.

Conclusions

The capacity of N retention was improved by cover restoration, leading to an increase in soil organic carbon and total N over time, but inorganic N supply capacity did not change with cover restoration age.

     

河套地区盐碱土复合调理剂配方筛选研究

以内蒙古河套灌区典型的盐碱土为研究对象,采用烟气脱硫石膏、腐殖酸、保水剂材料研发的复合调理剂对根区盐碱土进行综合改良,通过室内盆栽试验,分析不同配比烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂对土壤pH值、碱化度、全盐、盐基离子含量、养分水平、含水量、硬度及向日葵出苗率的影响。结果表明:(1)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后土壤pH值均显著降低,降低幅度0.45～0.79个单位,土壤中Na~+和CO_3~(2-)+HCO_3~-含量分别降低了9.7%～20.1%和14.3%～30.4%;(2)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后土壤有机质、碱解氮和含水量分别增加了13.9%～119.3%、9.1%～159.2%和4.4%～20.2%,土壤硬度降低了13.4%～56.7%;(3)不同比例施用烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂后,向日葵出苗率从6.7%增加到了20.0%～66.7%;通过对盐碱土综合改良效果及向日葵出苗率进行分析,烟气脱硫石膏型复合调理剂的最优配方为烟气脱硫石膏2 580 kg·hm~(-2)、腐殖酸774 kg·hm~(-2)、保水剂516 kg·hm~(-2)。     

Whistle signal variations among three Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin populations in the South China Sea: a combined effect of the Qiongzhou Strait's geographical barrier function and local ambient noise?

Geographic variations in the dolphin whistles could be useful in assessing association and isolation among populations. Whistle of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) among the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), Leizhou Bei (LZB) and Sanniang Bay (SNB) populations were investigated. A total of 2850 whistles with legible fundamental contour were extracted and 15 acoustic parameters were measured. Contrary to SNB, PRE and LZB had the same relative proportion of tonal type compositions with flat and sine representing the most frequent types. The generalized linear model analysis showed significant acoustic difference among populations and tonal types. All frequency parameters in SNB were significantly higher than those in PRE and LZB, where no significant variation was observed in most of the parameters either at the population level or within each tonal type. Canonical discriminant functions analysis showed a smaller difference between PRE and LZB than between PRE and SNB and between LZB and SNB. Compared with previous recordings, recent recordings demonstrated a consistent pattern of becoming higher in whistle frequency parameters in both LZB and SNB populations, suggesting that noise pollution in LZB and SNB increasing with time according to the acoustic niche hypothesis. Dolphin whistle's geographic variations could be shaped by the combined function of the geographical barrier function of the Qiongzhou strait and local ambient noise. Considering the isolated condition and the relatively smaller population size of the humpback dolphin in the SNB, more effective and proactive conservation actions should be taken to prevent the extinction of small populations.     

转基因抗虫三系杂交棉——运B259

运B259属转基因抗虫三系杂交棉品种，本文介绍了运B259的选育过程、特征特性、主要栽培技术及生产应用注意事项。     

饮水中添加乳酸对三黄鸡生长性能和抗病力的影响

目的研究饮水中添加乳酸对三黄鸡的生长性能和抗病力的影响。方法选取1日龄三黄鸡5 000羽,随机分为5组,1 000只/组。在饮水中加入乳酸调节饮水pH值,使得A组、B组、C组和D组的饮水pH值分别为2.0、3.0、4.0和5.0,每天试验鸡饮用酸化水4 h,对照组为正常饮水组。测定各组试验鸡体重和采食量,并记录每日病死数,计算平均日增重、饲料转化率和病死率。结果①平均日增重：1~35日龄段,C组试验鸡的平均日增重提高最明显,提高3.33%。36日龄后,仅B组和对照组相同水平,其他组均降低。②采食量和饲料转化率：B组、C组与对照组相比差异显著（P<0.05）,A组、D组差异不显著（P>0.05）。③病死率：A组、B组、C组、D组比对照组病死率分别减少3.7%、4.2%、4.7%和2.1%。结论在三黄鸡的饲养试验中,乳酸调节饮水pH值为4.0时能有效提高饲料转化率,明显提高1~35日龄段三黄鸡的平均日增重,明显降低三黄鸡的病死率,对于肉鸡促进生长和抗病力具有良好的应用前景。